REWARD PATHWAY
Reward pathway gives pleasure for doing a act necessary for survival (eating, drinking, reproduction, etc.). It also connects in with memory so that the person will want to do the beneficial act again when possible. The neurotransmitter sent along the reward pathway is Dopamine.
* DRUGS ALTER THE BRAIN'S REWARD PATHWAY *
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HIGH
Drugs bypass the five senses step (the five sense stimulating the reward pathway to send out Dopamine) and just go straight for the reward pathway.
THE BRAIN'S COPING MECHANISM
The two way brains tries to compensate for the drug is by reducing the amount of Dopamine receptors at the synapse. By doing so, the has "come down" they will need even more of the drug next time to get the same high. This method is referred to as "tolerance."
Pathways affected by drugs: Reward Pathway, All three Dopamine Pathways, Serotonin Pathways, GABA and Glutamine Pathway
MOUSE PARTY
Types of Drugs: Alcohol (makes GABA receptors even more inhibitory and binds to Glutamine receptors therefore preventing the Glutamine to excite the cell), Anabolic Steroids, Cocaine (clogs the transporters that take dopamine back into the cell and therefore leaves the Dopamine stuck in the synaptic cleft), Dissociative Drugs, Ecstasy (mimics serotonin and causes the serotonin transporters who take serotonin back into the cell after its done its job then starts putting serotonin out and stimulates reward pathway giving it the addictive quality) GHB & Rohypnol, Hallucinogens, Heroin (when the natural opiate is released, dopamine is allowed to be released, Heroin mimics the opiate), Inhalants, LSD (chemically is similar to serotonin and binds to the serotonin receptors. LSD may excite or inhibite serotonin receptors) Marijuana (cannabinoid--aka, anandamide--cannabinoid receptors turn off the inhibitory neurotransmitter, therefore releaseing dopamine; THC--active ingrediant in marijuana--mimics anandamide and binds to the cannabinoid receptors and allowing dopamine to be realsed), MDMA, Mehamphetamine (causes an excess release of Dopamine and overstimulates the cell)
HARDWIRING AN ADDICT
Drug users become drug addicts when areas outside the reward pathway are affected (like memory and judgment) become "hard-wire" and seeking out and taking drugs becomes a habit or even a reflex.
CHANGES LAST LONG AFTER USE
Brain activity of a cocaine addict who has been without the drug for 100 days is far lower (more than half) than that of a normal, drug-free person.
DRUG OVERDOSE FACTS
Most drug deaths occur due to uses of multiple drugs. None of the drugs by itself would be deadly, but its the fact that the user places the drug into their system by syringes that kills them. A dangerous combination is heroin and alcohol because both suppress breathing.
*The majority of deaths occur from an overdose on Heroin because heroin restricts the airways. It increases the inhibitory characteristic of GABA that causes breathing to slow and eventually stop.
*Alcohol. Two main ways to kill:
--Decreased gulatmine causes unconciousness. It can also causes breathing to slow or cease completely
--The body tries to rid itself of unabsorbed alcohol by emptying its stomach. If a person were to purge their stomach while unconscious, their could inhale the contents and drown in their own vomit or inhibit breathing.
*To overdose on nicotine, one would have to have a combination of using nicotine patches or nicotine gum and cigarettes to cause a heart attack or paralyze the muscles that control breathing.
*Cocaine can kill by heart attack, overheating (hyperthermia), and brain damage. Even a low dose of cocaine increase's once chance of a heart attack by 24 times.
*Ecstasy has similar results as cocaine in the fact that it causes heart attacks, overheating, and/or brain damage, only this does so by increasing levels of dopamine and the hormone norepinephrine. And since Ecstasy is often used in clubs where there is a crowd of people dancing together and giving off large amounts of body heat, overheating is often the main killer.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Wednesday, January 19, 2011
Greatest Discoveries in Chemistry
* The elements are not fire, air, water, and earth.
* From Priestly discovered oxygen, but Fwasia developed the elements. It all came from the discovery of oxygen.
* Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. Dolton hypothesized that hey were made up of atoms. Ultimate particles, then become atomic weights. Atomic theory.
* Joseph Gay Lusak. Gases made of multiple atoms (molecules), not a single atom.
*Synthesis of ureas. Fredick Volure, had placed two inorganic materials and combined it made crystals that looked like organic materials found urine. These crystals were the same as the urine, he had made urea out of inorganic materials.
*Chemical Structure. Sodium and Chlorine combined with fixed ratios. Kekula used the symbols for chemicals then added lines to see how it bound to other materials. Benzen did not fit his formula. The six carbon atoms in Benzen formed a ring, he discovered this when he dreamt of a snake eating its own tail (which is called orbus, by the wayt, not hta thas anything to do with science). Carbon combined with other molecules was discovered with this revelation of Benzen's ring.
* Periodic table disovered by Mendelia. He could also predict the spaces of three undiscovered elements like Borum and other such elements.
* Electrochemistry
* Prism + telescope = spectroscope to see the spectrum of an element + fire. Cesium, Rubidium was found this way. Sunlight had two lines were the same as with sodium, finding that sun had sodium.
* Joseph Thompson = electron. Cathorays exposed to a magnet, it bend. IT showed that it had electro charged matter because magnet only effects matter. Subparticle matter was discovered.
* Gilbert Luis developed model of the atom. Shells had electrons that circled the atom. Weh Sodium gave up an electron from out shell and cholirde accepted it, the two combined and sodium chloride was made.
* Radiation. Henry bekrell. Uranium to see if radiation. Marie Curier picked up the research of radioactivity. Pulonium and radium were found from this. Radium was determined to be 1,000,000x's more radioactive than uranium. She found that radioactivity was more atomic than chemical.
* Alpha and beta particles and gamma rays were found by Rutherford.
* Plastics. cellulous can be manipulated to create plastic. Plastics = plymere = long chain molecules.
* Buckey-balls. Fullorines. Won't accept anymore atoms. Key number was 60. Most symmetry than any other molecule. Pure carbon = carbon nanotubes (buckey-tubes). The tube is the stiffest material in the world.
* From Priestly discovered oxygen, but Fwasia developed the elements. It all came from the discovery of oxygen.
* Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. Dolton hypothesized that hey were made up of atoms. Ultimate particles, then become atomic weights. Atomic theory.
* Joseph Gay Lusak. Gases made of multiple atoms (molecules), not a single atom.
*Synthesis of ureas. Fredick Volure, had placed two inorganic materials and combined it made crystals that looked like organic materials found urine. These crystals were the same as the urine, he had made urea out of inorganic materials.
*Chemical Structure. Sodium and Chlorine combined with fixed ratios. Kekula used the symbols for chemicals then added lines to see how it bound to other materials. Benzen did not fit his formula. The six carbon atoms in Benzen formed a ring, he discovered this when he dreamt of a snake eating its own tail (which is called orbus, by the wayt, not hta thas anything to do with science). Carbon combined with other molecules was discovered with this revelation of Benzen's ring.
* Periodic table disovered by Mendelia. He could also predict the spaces of three undiscovered elements like Borum and other such elements.
* Electrochemistry
* Prism + telescope = spectroscope to see the spectrum of an element + fire. Cesium, Rubidium was found this way. Sunlight had two lines were the same as with sodium, finding that sun had sodium.
* Joseph Thompson = electron. Cathorays exposed to a magnet, it bend. IT showed that it had electro charged matter because magnet only effects matter. Subparticle matter was discovered.
* Gilbert Luis developed model of the atom. Shells had electrons that circled the atom. Weh Sodium gave up an electron from out shell and cholirde accepted it, the two combined and sodium chloride was made.
* Radiation. Henry bekrell. Uranium to see if radiation. Marie Curier picked up the research of radioactivity. Pulonium and radium were found from this. Radium was determined to be 1,000,000x's more radioactive than uranium. She found that radioactivity was more atomic than chemical.
* Alpha and beta particles and gamma rays were found by Rutherford.
* Plastics. cellulous can be manipulated to create plastic. Plastics = plymere = long chain molecules.
* Buckey-balls. Fullorines. Won't accept anymore atoms. Key number was 60. Most symmetry than any other molecule. Pure carbon = carbon nanotubes (buckey-tubes). The tube is the stiffest material in the world.
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